LanguageissystemdesignfeatureoflanguagedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationWhatisLinguistics?ThescientificstudyofhumanlanguageTheLinguisticsSystemⅠ.designfeatureoflanguage1）Arbitrariness(任意性):theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.eg：书,book,livre喜欢，like，aimer2）Duality（二层性）:thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.eg：Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsdualityeg1：/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporparkeg2：England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.4）Displacement（替代性）:Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.5）CulturalTransmission（文化传递性）:languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence&performance1)Descriptivevs.PrescriptiveDescriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobe2).Synchronicvs.Diachronicsynchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.3).Langue&paroleTheorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue:abstractlinguisticsystemparole:actualrealizationoflangue4)Competenceandperformancetheorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)competence:user'sknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.Ⅲ.TheworldlanguageclassificationScopeofLinguisticsScopeofLinguistics1）ResearchContent2）ResearchorientationResearchContentResearchorientation1.FatherofModernLinguistics现代语言学之父2.PragueSchool布拉格学派3.LondonSchool伦敦学派4.AmericanStructuralism美国结构主义1.FatherofModernLinguisticsSaussure索绪尔(瑞士)代表作2.PragueSchool布拉格学派：StressedsynchroniclinguisticsN.Trubetzkoy(1890-1938)特鲁别茨柯