美国文化模式Dr.RobertKohlsisarenownedwriterandresearcheronAmericanculturalpatternsandcross-culturalvaluedifferences.Hehasdevelopedalistof13commonly-heldvalueswhichhelpexplaintofirst-timevisitorstotheUnitedStateswhyAmericansactastheydo.Heiscarefultoavoidlabelingthesevaluesaspositiveornegative,andcautionsotherstodothesame.AsanAmerican,doyourecognizethesetraitsinyourself?WhetheryouagreewithKohlsornot,orarewillingtorecognizethevalidityofthesegeneralizationsaboutAmericans,hisobservationsarethought-provokingandmayhelpyougaininsightintoyourownvariationsof“Americanism”.罗伯特考尔博士是研究美国文化模式和跨文化价值观差异的著名作家及研究者，他曾列出13种普遍持有的价值观，有助于向初次造访美国的人们解释为何美国人如此作为。他特意避免给这些价值观贴上积极或是消极的标签，并提醒别人也不要这样做。作为美国人，你意识到自身这些特征了吗?不管你是否同意考尔的观点，也不管你是否愿意认可这些归类的可信度，他的这些观察结果都能发人深省，有助于你对“美国主义”种种变体的理解。PersonalControlOvertheEnvironmentAmericansdonotbelieveinthepoweroffate,andtheylookatpeoplewhodoasbeingbackward,primitive,ornative.IntheAmericancontext,tobefatalisticistobesuperstitious,lazy,orunwillingtotakeinitiative.Everyoneshouldhavecontroloverenvironmentalfactorsthatmightpotentiallyaffecthimorher.Theproblemsofone'slifearenotseenashavingresultedfrombadluckasmuchashavingcomefromone'slazinessandunwillingnesstotakeresponsibilityforpursuingabetterlife.个人对环境的控制力美国人不相信命运的力量，并且视认命者为落后、原始、土著。在美国语境中，宿命论等同于迷信、懒惰、没有进取心。对于可能影响自身的环境因素人人都应加以控制。个人遇到的种种难题与其说是不走运的结果，不如说是自身懒惰、不愿对追求美好生活尽职尽责的结果。ChangeisSeenasNaturalandPositiveIntheAmericanmind,changeisseenasindisputablygood—leadingtodevelopment,improvement,andprogress.Manyolder,moretraditionalculturesconsiderchangedisruptiveanddestructive;theyvaluestability,continuity,tradition,andarichandancientheritage—thesevaluesarenotconsideredtobeveryimportantintheUnitedStates.视变化为自然的、积极的现象在美国人心目中，毫无争议任何变化都是好的，都能促进发展、改善和进步。许多更古老、更传统的文化认为变化导致混乱、毁灭，他们重视稳定、连贯、传统以及丰富古老的遗产，在美国这些价值观被认为并不重要。TimeanditsControlTimeisofutmostimportancetomostAmericans.Itissomethingtobeon,kept,filled,saved,used,spent,wasted,lost,gained,planned,given,evenkilled.Americansaremoreconcernedwithgettingthingsaccomplishedontimethan