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Chapter40BasicPrinciplesofAnimalFormandFunction.doc

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LectureOutlineforCampbell/ReeceBiology,7thEdition,©PearsonEducation,Inc.40-Chapter40BasicPrinciplesofAnimalFormandFunctionLectureOutlineOverview:DiverseForms,CommonChallengesAnimalsinhabitalmosteverypartofthebiosphere.Despitetheirgreatdiversity,allanimalsmustsolveacommonsetofproblems.Allanimalsmustobtainoxygen,nourishthemselves,excretewastes,andmove.Animalsofdiverseevolutionaryhistoriesandvaryingcomplexitymustsolvethesegeneralchallengesoflife.Considerthelong,tongue-likeproboscisofahawkmoth,astructuraladaptationforfeeding.Recoiledwhennotinuse,theproboscisextendsasastrawthroughwhichthemothcansucknectarfromdeepwithintube-shapedflowers.Analyzingthehawkmoth’sproboscisgivescluesaboutwhatitdoesandhowitfunctions.Anatomyisthestudyofthestructureofanorganism.Physiologyisthestudyofthefunctionsanorganismperforms.Naturalselectioncanfitstructuretofunctionbyselecting,overmanygenerations,thebestoftheavailablevariationsinapopulation.Searchingforfood,generatingbodyheatandregulatinginternaltemperature,sensingandrespondingtoenvironmentalstimuli,andallotheranimalactivitiesrequirefuelintheformofchemicalenergy.Theconceptofbioenergetics—howorganismsobtain,process,anduseenergyresources—isaconnectingthemeinthecomparativestudyofanimals.Concept40.1PhysicallawsandtheenvironmentconstrainanimalsizeandshapeAnanimal’ssizeandshape,featuresoftencalled“bodyplans”or“designs,”arefundamentalaspectsofformandfunctionthatsignificantlyaffectthewayananimalinteractswithitsenvironment.Thetermsplananddesigndonotmeanthatanimalbodyformsareproductsofconsciousinvention.Thebodyplanordesignofananimalresultsfromapatternofdevelopmentprogrammedbythegenome,itselftheproductofmillionsofyearsofevolutionduetonaturalselection.Physicalrequirementsconstrainwhatnaturalselectioncan“invent.”Ananimalsuchasthemythicalwingeddragoncannotexist.Noanimalaslargeasadragoncouldgenerateenoughlifttotakeoffandfly.Similarly,thelawsofhydrodynamicsconstraintheshapesthatarepossibleforaquaticorganismsthatswimveryfast.Tunas,