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Introduction--GrammaticalHierarchy（导论语法层次）Grammaristhestructuralsystemofalanguage.TheEnglishgrammarisorganizedintofiveranks:thesentence,theclause,thephrase,thewordandthemorphemes.Eachrankiscomposedofoneormoregrammaticalunitsoftheimmediatelowerrank.Thusthesentenceisagrammaticalunitthatconsistsofoneormoreclauses;theclause,oneormorephrases;thephrase,oneormorewords;theword,oneormoremorphemes.Thesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunitwhilethemorphemeisthelowestotminimumrank.Afullsentencecanbesegmented,rankbyrank,downtoitssmallestconstituents---themorphemes.morphemes:Theseunder-graduate-sarerapid-lyimprov-ingintheirwrit-ing.words:Theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting.phrases:Theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting.clauses/sentences:Theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting.1.morphemesThemorphemeisthesmallestgrammaticalunit,alsothesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeech.Morphemesfallintotwocategories:freemorphemes（自由词素）andboundmorphemes（粘附词素）.Freemorphemes:Afreemorphemehasacompletemeaningandcanstandbyitselfasasingleword.Itcansometimesactasacompleteutteranceinconnectedspeech.Examples:book,shop,bookshop(twofreemorphemes),makeup,makeup(onefreemorpheme)Boundmorphemes:Boundmorphemesaremostlyaffixes(includingprefixesandsuffixes).Theyarealsomeaningful,butthemeaningisnotcompleteinitselfunlessitisattached(added)tosomeotherform.Examples:nessinkindness(kindisafreemorpheme),coinco-exist(existisafreemorpheme)2.wordsAwordiscomposedofoneormoremorphemes.Wordscanbeclassifiedintwoways.Intermsofwordformation,wordscanbedividedintosimplewords,derivatives,andcompounds.Examples:Simplewords:hand,foot,get,take,at,in,on(morphemeword)Derivatives:unable,useful,unfriendlinessCompounds:furthermore,boyfriend,out-of-dateIntermsofgrammaticalfunction,wordscanbedividedintotwomaingroups:closed-classwordsandopen-classwords.Examples:Closed-classwords:in,without,inspiteof,me.Ours,a,the,their,this,some,but,when,can,will(functionwords)Open-classw
