会计学《糖尿病药物注射(zhùshè)技术指南2011版》目录本指南中对每一条推荐意见的推荐强度采用以下等级：强烈推荐推荐尚未决定的问题(wèntí)对于科学证据的支持程度采用以下标准：至少具有一项随机、对照研究至少具有一项非随机（或非对照或流行病学）研究以大量患者经验为基础的专家共识部分推荐意见缺乏临床试验证据，但是具有显著并令人信服的临床经验，则该部分被命名为“观察结果”，而未对这些推荐意见进行分级。注射技术(jìshù)是糖尿病注射治疗的三大关键因素之一关于注射(zhùshè)部位选择的推荐：注射(zhùshè)部位还应考虑胰岛素在不同部位的吸收差异关于注射(zhùshè)部位轮换的推荐：注射部位(bùwèi)的轮换：不同注射部位(bùwèi)之间的轮换注射部位的轮换(lúnhuàn)：左右轮换(lúnhuàn)注射(zhùshè)部位的轮换：同一注射(zhùshè)部位内的轮换关于注射(zhùshè)部位检查和消毒的推荐：关于(guānyú)捏皮的推荐：捏皮使注射部位(bùwèi)皮下组织深度变深捏皮降低肌肉注射发生(fāshēng)风险ClausonPG,LindeB.Absorptionofrapid-actinginsulininobeseandnonobeseNIDDMpatients.DiabetesCare1995;18:986-91.JamalR,RossSA,ParkesJL,PardoS,GinsbergBH.Roleofinjectiontechniqueinuseofinsulinpens:prospectiveevaluationofa31-gauge,8mminsulinpenneedle.EndocrPract1999;5:245-50.BirkebaekN,SolvigJ,HansenB,JorgensenC,SmedegaardJ,ChristiansenJ.A4mmneedlereducestheriskofintramuscularinjectionswithoutincreasingbackflowtoskinsurfaceinleandiabeticchildrenandadults.DiabetesCare.2008Sep;22(9):e65.GibneyMA,ArceCH,ByronKJ,HirschLJ.Skinandsubcutaneousadiposelayerthicknessinadultswithdiabetesatsitesusedforinsulininjections:Implicationsforneedlelengthrecommendations.CurrMedResOpin2010;26:1519-30.HirschL,KlaffL,BaileyT,GibneyM,AlbaneseJ,QuS,etal.Comparativeglycemiccontrol,safetyandpatientratingsforanew4mm\32Ginsulinpenneedleinadultswithdiabetes.CurrMedResOpin2010;26:1531-41.KreugelG,KeersJC,JongbloedA,Verweij-GjaltemaAH,WolffenbuttelBHR.Theinfluenceofneedlelengthonglycemiccontrolandpatientpreferenceinobesediabeticpatients.Diabetes2009;58:A117.KreugelG,BeijerHJM,KerstensMN,terMaatenJC,SluiterWJ,BootBS.InfluenceofneedlesizeforSCinsulinadministrationonmetaboliccontrolandpatientacceptance.EuropDiabNursing2007;4:1-5.VanDoornLG,AlberdaA,LytzenL.InsulinleakageandpainperceptionwithNovoFine6mmandNovoFine12mmneedlelengthsinpatientswithtype1ortype2diabetes.DiabetMed1998;1:S50.SolvigJ,ChristiansenJS,HansenB,LytzenL.LocalisationofpotentialinsulindepositioninnormalweightandobesepatientswithdiabetesusingNovofine6mman