科技文献翻译SectionAComputerProgram(计算机程序)SectionBSoftwareLifeCycle(软件生命周期)学生姓名：彭金辉学号：20032430217专业：计算机科学与技术院（系）：信息工程学院完成时间：2007-5-202007年6月1日英文原文：ComputerProgramⅠ.IntroductionAcomputerprogramisasetofinstructionsthatdirectsacomputertoperformsomeprocessingfunctionorcombinationfunctions.Fortheinstructionstobecarriedout,acomputermustexecuteaprogram,thatis,thatisthecomputerreadstheprogram,andthenfollowsthestepsencodedintheprograminapreciseorderuntilcompletion.Aprogramcanbeexecutedmanydifferenttimes,witheachexecutionyieldingapotentiallydifferentresultdependingupontheoptionsanddatathattheusergivesthecomputer.Programfallintotwomajorclasses:applicationprogramandoperatingsystems.Anapplicationprogramisonethatcarriesoutsomefunctiondirectlyforauser,suchaswordprocessingorgameplaying.Anoperatingsystemisaprogramthatmanagesthecomputerandthevariousresourcesanddevicesconnectedtoit,suchasRAM(randomaccessmemory),harddrives,monitors,keyboards,printers,andmodems,sothattheymaybeusedbyotherprogram.ExamplesofoperatingsystemsareDOS,WindowsXP,OS/2,andUNIX.Ⅱ.ProgramDevelopmentSoftwaredesignerscreatenewprogrambyusingspecialapplicationsprograms,oftencalledutilityprogramsordevelopmentprograms.Aprogrammerusesanothertypeofprogramcalledatexteditortowritethenewprograminaspecialnotationcalledprogramminglanguage.Withthetexteditor,theprogrammercreatesatextfile,whichisanorderedlistofinstructions,alsocalledprogramsourcefile.Theindividualinstructionsthatmakeupthesourcefilearecalledsourcecode.Atthispoint,aspecialapplicationprogramtranslatesthesourcecodeintomachinecodelanguage,orobjectcode–aformatthattheoperatingsystemswillrecognizeasaproperprogramandbeabletoexecute.Threetypesofapplicationprogramstranslatefromsourcecodetoobjectcode:compilers,interpreters,andassemblers.Thethreeoperatedifferentlyandondifferenttypesofprogramminglanguages,buttheyservethesamepurposeoftranslatingfromaprogramminglanguageintomachinelanguage.Acompilertranslatestextfileswritteninahigh-levelprogramminglanguage-s