英语教学法上册WhateffectdidtheformationoftheEuropeanCommonMarkethaveontheteachingofforeignlanguagesinEurope?（P.13feedback3）欧盟对欧洲人学习外语的影响是什么？答：TheformationoftheEuropeanUnion,asitisnowcalled,hadagreateffectonencouragingthecitizensofEuropetostudyeachother’slanguagesinaverypracticalwaysothattheywouldbeabletoliveandworkineachother’scountries.Themainaimwouldbeoncommunication,whichwouldincludeallfourlanguageskills,andtherewasacommonlanguagesyllabusdrawnupforallEuropeanlanguages,describedinnotionsandfunctions.Whatisafunctional-notionalsyllabus?（P.13feedback4）什么是功能及表意的教学大纲？Thelanguagetaughtwouldnotbedescribedinonlygrammaticalforms,butalsotopics,situations,functions(thingsyoudowiththelanguage)andnotions(concepts).WhatisCommunicativeCompetence?P.49DellHymesaddedtheterm“communicativecompetence”tothelanguageofAppliedLinguistics,itincludesappropriacy,accuracy,fluency.Inshort,achildbecomesabletousethelanguagetodothingsforhimself,andtomeasurehissuccessorfailurebytheresponseofothers.Thiscompetenceiscalledcommunicativecompetence.Thedevelopmentofcommunicativecompetence交际能力的发展因素P50Innerfactors内在因素Outerfactors外在因素1Bornwiththedevicetolearnlanguage天生具有语言的技能Sufficientcommunicativeinput充分的交流输入2Desireandneedtocommunicate渴望及需要交流Adultsreadytoresponse成年人准备回应3Communication-orientatedpractice定向交流练习Encouragement/punishmentfromadults(adequatefeedback)成年人给予奖励/惩罚4CompleteinvolvementinthecommunicativecontextAllthecontextualfactorsareavailableforthechildtoprocessandtodevelopcommunicativestrategies.加工和发展交流策略Whichfeaturesdistinguishspokentextfromwrittentext?P.601.Somewouldsayspokenlanguageissimplerthanwrittenlanguage.2.Itisarguedbyresearchersthatintermsofproductiveskills(writingandspeakingskills),thetwomodesoflanguage,writtenandspoken,indicatetwodifferentkindsofcomplexity:thespokenlanguageiscomplexinthewayclausesarelinkedtogether,whilethewrittenlanguageiscomplexatthelevelofclause.3.Thesecondfeaturetodistinguishwrittenlanguagefromspokenlanguageistheheavierlexicaldensity,whichmakeswritingseemmo