Semantics1.WhatisSemantics?Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningofwords,phrasesandsentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科2．GeoffreyLeech利奇Seventypesofmeaning7种意义类型:①Conceptualmeaning概念意义②Connotativemeaning内涵意义③Socialmeaning社会意义④Affectivemeaning感情意义AssociativeMeaning联想意义（②——⑥）⑤Reflectedmeaning反射意义⑥Collocativemeaning搭配意义⑦Thematicmeaning主位意义3.Conceptualmeaning(概念意义)isalsocalled“denotative”（外延义）anditisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto.概念意义也叫外延义，它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系Conceptualmeaningismeaninggiveninthedictionary.4.Associativemeaning(联想意义)isthetotalofallthemeaningsapersonthinksofwhentheyhearthewordAssociativemeaningisthemeaningwhichawordsuggestsorimplies.5.Thematicmeaning(主位意义)is“whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的6.TheReferentialTheory（指称理论）：①TheReferentialTheory②TheSemanticTriangle③SenseandReference7.Thereferentialtheory指称理论isthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论8.Thesemantictriangle语意三角istheindirectrelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoanditismediatedbyconcept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，它们是以概念为中介的9.Sense(涵义)isasetofpropertiespossessedbyaname.10.Reference(指称)isthesymbolicrelationshipthatalinguisticexpressionhaswiththeconcreteobject.11.Thesenseofanexpressionisthethoughtitexpresses,whileitsreferenceistheobjectitrepresentsEverywordhasasense,butnoteverywordhasareference.12.SenseRelations涵义关系①Synonymy（同义关系）②Antonymy（反义关系）（Gradable、Complementary、Converse）③Hyponymy（上下义关系）13.Buttotalsynonymyisrare.Theymaydifferinstyle,connotationsanddialect.14.Gradableantonymy(等级反义关系)、Complementaryantonymy(互补反义关系)、Converseantonymy(反向反义关系)15.Componentialanalysisisanapproachtothestudyofmeaningwhichanalysesawordintoasetofmeaningcomponents.16.SentenceMeaning17.Senserelationsbetweensentences①Synonymity(同义)a.Hewasabachelorallhislife.b.Henevermarriedallhisboy.Sentencesaandbareinasynonymousrelationship:thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesth