1.Thestudyofmustatsomepointextendtothemolecularlevel,forthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofasubstanceareultimatelyexplainedintermsofthestructureandbondingofmolecules.analyticalchemistryphysicalchemistryorganicchemistrychemicalengineeringManyelements,suchaschlorine,bromineandiodine,areknowntoexistinseveralvalencestatesindifferentinorganiccompounds.Ingeneral,thevalenceoftheminorganiccompoundsis.1234Inconfigurationofthemolecule,,ashapedbondisdirectedinfrontofthisplane(thickendtowardtheviewer),asshownbythebondtosubstituentB.wedgehatchednormaldashedWaterisaliquidatroomtemperature;andcarbontetrafluoridearegases.carbondioxidesodiumchloridebrominemagnesiumchloridehasthegreatestelectronegativityofalltheelements.FluorineChlorineBromineHydrogenElectronegativitydifferencesmaybetransmittedthroughconnectingcovalentbondsbyan.inductiveeffectresonanceeffectsolventeffectstericeffectThecompoundborontrifluoride,BF3,doesnothavenon-bondingvalenceelectronsandtheconfigurationofitsatomsis.trigonaltetrahedrallinearconiformAcarbonisonethatisbondedtonomorethanoneothercarbonatom.primarysecondarytertiaryquaternaryIndeed,manyofthephysicalcharacteristicsofcompoundsthatareusedtoidentifythem,excepting,areduetointermolecularinteractions.boilingpointmeltingpointsolubilityhydrogenationLargemoleculeshavemoreelectronsandnucleithatcreatevanderWaalsattractiveforces,sotheircompoundsusuallyhavehigherboilingpointsthansimilarcompoundsmadeupofsmallermolecules.Whichcompoundhasthehighestboilingpointshowedasfollowing?CH4(CH3)4C(CH3)4SiCCl4Inanadditionreactionthenumberofσ-bondsinthesubstratemoleculeincreases,usuallyattheexpenseofoneormoreπ-bonds.Thereverseistrueofreactions,i.e.thenumberofσ-bondsinthesubstratedecreases,andnewπ-bondsareoftenformed.eliminationadditionsubstitutionrearrangementreactions,asthenameimplies,arecharacterizedbyreplacementofanatomorgroupbyanotheratomorgroup.SubstitutionAdditionEliminationRearrangementAreactiongeneratesanisomer,andagai